Cov kev ua kom huv thiab sib cais ntau hauv cov chaw kuaj mob
Purification yog hais txog purifying qhov sib tov kom tshem tawm impurities, thiab tau txais cov khoom siv hauv cov khoom sib xyaw, thiab cov purified impurities tsis tas yuav xav txog cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab lub cev lub cev. Muaj ntau txoj hauv kev los cais cov sib tov, tab sis lawv tuaj yeem muab faib ua ob pawg dav raws li lawv qhov kev sib cais:
1. Tshuaj cais txoj kev
2. Txoj kev cais lub cev
Cov txheej txheem hauv qab no rau kev sib cais tshuaj thiab purification ntawm cov khoom sib tov tau muab sau tseg raws li hauv qab no:
Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev sib cais thiab purification
1. Cov reagent qhia feem ntau tsuas yog hnov mob nrog impurities;
2. Cov reagents tom ntej yuav tsum tshem tawm cov khoom ua ntej ntxiv;
3. Tsis tuaj yeem qhia cov khoom tshiab;
4. Cov khoom tsim los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm impurity thiab cov reagent tau yooj yim sib cais los ntawm cov khoom purified;
5. Cov txheej txheem yog yooj yim, qhov tshwm sim yog pom tseeb, thiab purity siab;
6. Hloov impurities rau hauv cov khoom xav tau ntau li ntau tau;
7. Xav txog qhov laj thawj ntawm kev ntxiv cov tshuaj reagents thaum tshem tawm ntau yam impurities;
8. Yog tias koj ntsib cov roj uas muaj dej ntau hauv dej, tiv thaiv qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev nqus rov qab.
Kev xav txawv
Tu:
Sib cais cov khoom ntom ntom thiab insoluble ntawm cov kua, cais cov xuab zeb thiab dej;
lim:
Sib cais cov khoom tsis sib haum los ntawm cov kua thiab ua kom cov dej huv;
Dissolution thiab filtration:
Separating ob lub khib nyiab, ib qho soluble hauv ib qho hnyav thiab lwm yam insoluble, cais cov ntsev thiab xuab zeb;
Centrifugal sib cais:
Sib cais cov khoom tsis sib haum ntawm cov kua, cais cov av nkos thiab dej;
Txoj kev crystallization:
Sib cais cov kuab tshuaj los ntawm kev daws thiab tshem tawm ntsev los ntawm dej hiav txwv;
Kev sib cais ua kua:
Sib cais ob cov kua dej tsis sib haum, cais cov roj thiab dej;
rho tawm:
Ntxiv cov kuab tshuaj uas tsim nyog rau yaj thiab cais ib feem ntawm qhov sib tov, thiab rho tawm iodine hauv cov tshuaj aqueous;
Distillation:
Cov kuab tshuaj thiab cov tshuaj uas tsis yog-volatile yog cais los ntawm cov tshuaj, thiab cov dej ntshiab yog tau nyob rau hauv seawater;
Kev faib ua feem:
Sib cais cov kua dej sib xyaw ua ke nrog cov ntsiab lus kub sib txawv, cais cov pa oxygen thiab nitrogen hauv cov kua cua; refining roj av;
sublimation:
Sib cais ob lub khib nyiab, tsuas yog ib qho uas tuaj yeem ua rau sublimate, cais iodine thiab xuab zeb;
Adsorption:
Lub gaseous los yog khoom impurities nyob rau hauv qhov sib tov raug tshem tawm thiab cov activated carbon tshem tawm cov xim impurities los ntawm cov suab thaj xim av.
Kev sib cais thiab purification ntawm kev siv tshuaj lom neeg
1 Cov txheej txheem cua sov
Thaum cov khoom siv tsis zoo thermal stability yog sib xyaw rau hauv cov khoom sib xyaw, nws tuaj yeem raug cua sov ncaj qha rau decompose thiab cais cov khoom tsis zoo thermal stability. Piv txwv li, NH4Cl yog tov nyob rau hauv NaCl, NaHCO3 yog tov nyob rau hauv Na2CO3, thiab cov zoo li yuav tau ncaj qha rhuab mus tshem tawm impurities.
2 Dej nag
Ib txoj hauv kev uas ib qho reagent ntxiv rau qhov sib tov kom cais ib qho ntawm lawv hauv daim ntawv ntawm precipitate. Kev saib xyuas yuav tsum tau coj los siv txoj kev no los qhia cov impurities tshiab. Yog hais tias ib tug ntau ntawm cov reagents yog siv los maj mam precipitate sib txawv hais nyob rau hauv cov kev daws, nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias qhov ntau tshaj ntawm cov ntxiv reagent raug tshem tawm, thiab cov reagent ntxiv tsis qhia impurities tshiab. Piv txwv li, ntxiv qhov tsim nyog ntawm BaCl2 tov tuaj yeem tshem tawm Na2SO4 sib xyaw hauv NaCl.
3 Acid-base method
Cov khoom siv purified tsis hnov mob nrog cov kua qaub thiab lub hauv paus, thiab cov impurities tuaj yeem hnov mob nrog cov kua qaub thiab lub hauv paus, thiab cov kua qaub thiab alkali yog siv los ua cov impurity tshem tawm. Piv txwv li, CaCO3 hauv SiO2 raug tshem tawm nrog hydrochloric acid, thiab cov hmoov txhuas lossis cov zoo li hauv cov hmoov hlau raug tshem tawm nrog cov tshuaj sodium hydroxide.
4 Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv Redox
Yog tias qhov sib tov sib xyaw nrog txo cov impurities, tus neeg sawv cev tsim nyog oxidizing yuav raug ntxiv rau oxidize nws mus rau cov khoom siv huv. Piv txwv li, chlorine poob rau hauv FeCl3 tov nrog FeCl2 kom tshem tawm FeCl2 impurities; Ib yam li ntawd, yog tias qhov sib tov sib xyaw nrog oxidizing impurities, tus neeg sawv cev uas tsim nyog yuav raug ntxiv kom txo tau nws mus rau cov khoom purified. Piv txwv li, ib qho ntxiv ntawm cov hmoov hlau ntxiv rau FeCl 2 tov nrog FeCl 3 kom tshem tawm FeCl 3 impurities.
5 Hloov txoj kev
Nws tsis tuaj yeem sib cais ib zaug, thiab nws yuav tsum tau hloov mus rau lwm yam khoom sib cais tom qab ntau qhov kev hloov pauv, thiab tom qab ntawd cov khoom hloov pauv tau rov qab los rau cov khoom qub. Rau kev sib cais ntawm Fe3+ thiab Al3+, ntau tshaj ntawm NaOH tov tuaj yeem muab ntxiv rau daim ntawv Fe (OH) 3 thiab NaAlO2. Tom qab pom, hydrochloric acid yog ntxiv rau regenerate Fe3 + thiab Al3 +. Nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm kev hloov dua siab tshiab, qhov poob ntawm cov khoom sib cais yog txo qis, thiab cov khoom hloov pauv tau yooj yim rov qab los rau cov khoom qub.
6 Kho pH
Ib txoj kev ntawm kev sib cais ib feem ntawm cov tshuaj los ntawm kev ntxiv ib reagent los kho cov pH ntawm cov tshuaj. Feem ntau, nws yog hloov kho los ntawm kev ntxiv cov khoom sib xws insoluble lossis me ntsis soluble. Piv txwv li, yog tias FeCl3 impurity muaj nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj CuCl2, cov tshuaj yog cov kua qaub vim yog hydrolysis ntawm FeCl3, thiab Fe3 + tej zaum yuav precipitated los ntawm kev kho cov pH. Rau qhov no, CuO, Cu (OH) 2, CuCO3 lossis CuO tuaj yeem muab ntxiv rau hauv cov tshuaj. Cu2 (OH) 2CO3.
7 Electrolysis
Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm electrolysis yog siv los cais cov khoom purified. Piv txwv li, electrolytic tooj liab yog siv los ua cov tooj liab crude li anode, refined tooj liab li cathode, thiab tooj liab ion-muaj kua raws li cov electrolyte. Nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm ncaj qha tam sim no, cov tooj liab muaj zog dua li tooj liab. Cov hlau poob electrons, thiab tsuas yog tooj liab ions ntawm lub cathode tau electrons rau precipitate, yog li purifying tooj liab.
Txawm li cas los xij, WUBOLAB (Laboratory glassware chaw tsim tshuaj paus) tau txais cov kev daws teeb meem iav zoo tshaj plaws rau koj. Txawm li cas los xij iav iav hom lossis loj npaum li cas koj xav tau, peb nyob ntawm no los muab koj qhov zoo tshaj plaws. Peb cov iav saum toj kawg nkaus tuaj hauv ntau qhov ntau thiab tsawg; iav beakers, iav fwj lag luam wholesale, boiling lauj kaub, Laboratory funnels, thiab lwm yam. Koj tuaj yeem nrhiav cov khoom kuaj iav zoo meej rau koj cov kev xav tau. Dhau li ntawd, yog tias koj xav tau kev xaiv iav tshwj xeeb ntau dua, peb muaj cov iav tshwj xeeb. Cov khoom siv iav no muaj ntau yam kev xaiv rau koj qhov kev sim kuaj. Sib nrug los ntawm tag nrho cov no, mus rau peb cov iav tshwj xeeb yog tias koj xav tau cov kev daws teeb meem tshwj xeeb. Thaum kawg, peb kuj muaj customizable khob iav cov kev xaiv uas yuav dhau koj qhov kev cia siab! Yog li, tsis muaj kev ncua ntxiv, tso koj daim ntawv xaj tam sim no!
