Cov cuab yeej iav feem ntau siv nyob rau hauv lub chaw soj nstuam xws li beakers, test tubes, burettes, pipettes, volumetric flasks, thiab lwm yam. Lub ntsuas yuav raug stained nrog roj, nplai, xeb, thiab lwm yam thaum siv. Yog tias nws tsis raug ntxuav hauv lub sijhawm, nws yuav ua rau cov txiaj ntsig tsis raug thiab txawm tias muaj kev cuam tshuam tsis zoo rau lub neej thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub cuab yeej. Yog li ntawd, cov cuab yeej iav siv hauv kev sim tshuaj yuav tsum tau muab ntxuav.
1 、 Qee txoj kev ntxuav iav iav
Ua ntej, peb faib cov cuab yeej ua ob pawg:
Ib hom yog txhuam uas tuaj yeem ntxuav tau: lub raj xa dej, lub raj mis, lub raj mis reagent, lub raj mis conical, ntsuas lub tog raj kheej, thiab lwm yam;
(1) Ntxuav nrog dej
Xaiv cov txhuam hniav kom haum raws li cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov iav ntsuas yuav tsum tau ntxuav, xws li lub raj txhuam, txhuam txhuam, txhuam txhuam, txhuam txhuam, thiab lwm yam. Ntxuav nrog txhuam thiab txhuam cov dej tuaj yeem yaj cov tshuaj soluble, thiab tseem tuaj yeem tshem tawm cov plua plav thiab cov teeb meem insoluble uas txuas rau iav ntsuas, tab sis feem ntau tsis tuaj yeem ntxuav tawm cov roj thiab cov organic teeb meem.
(2) Ntxuav nrog xab npum
Koj tuaj yeem siv cov txhuam hniav los khaws cov tshuaj ntxuav tes (xws li ntxuav cov hmoov) thiab ua tib zoo txhuam cov phab ntsa sab hauv thiab sab nrauv (tshwj xeeb yog cov phab ntsa sab hauv) ntawm cov iav ntsuas. Txhawm rau txhim kho kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev ntxuav, cov tshuaj ntxuav tes tuaj yeem tsim rau hauv 1% mus rau 5% aqueous tov, thiab cov iav ntsuas yuav tsum tau ntxuav yog rhuab thiab raus. Tom qab ib pliag, txhuam dua nrog txhuam.
Lwm hom yog lub qhov ncauj qhov ncauj me me ntsuas ntsuas uas tsis tuaj yeem ntxuav nrog txhuam; ib tug pipette, ib tug pipette, volumetric hwj, thiab lwm yam .;
(1) Cov khoom siv ntsuas lub qhov ncauj me xws li pipettes, pipettes, thiab volumetric flasks yuav tsum tau tsau rau hauv dej txias tam sim tom qab siv. Tsis txhob cia cov khoom tsis huv kom qhuav.
Tom qab ua haujlwm tiav, yaug nrog dej ntws kom tshem tawm cov reagents txuas, cov protein, thiab lwm yam khoom. Tom qab ziab, soak hauv chromic acid ntxuav cov tshuaj rau 4-6 teev los yog ib hmos, ces yaug kom huv si nrog kais dej, ces yaug nrog dej distilled los yog dej deionized rau 2-3 zaug, thiab muab tso rau ntawm lub ntsuas khib kom qhuav lawm.
Thaum muaj xwm txheej ceev, nws tuaj yeem ua qhov cub kom qhuav ntawm 80 ° C lossis qis dua, lossis ntxiv me me ntawm cov ethanol lossis methanol, ether, lossis lwm cov kuab tshuaj rau lub ntsuas ntsuas, maj mam tig nws los npog cov phab ntsa sab hauv ntawm lub thawv, Tom qab ntawd ncuav nws tawm, ces tshuab ziab los yog ziab nrog lub siab tsis zoo tuaj yeem ua tiav lub hom phiaj kom qhuav sai. (Txoj kev no yog cumbersome los ntxuav thiab yuav tsum muaj kev ua hauj lwm los ntxuav, uas yog txaus ntshai)
(2) Kev ntxuav nrog lub chaw kuaj mob tshwj xeeb ultrasonic nqus tsev vacuum.
Lub chaw soj ntsuam tshwj xeeb ultrasonic nqus tsev vacuum txais lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev ua haujlwm siab ultrasonic cavitation nyhuv. Cov dej molecules oscillate nyob rau hauv lub iav ntsuas thiab co tawm cov av nyob rau saum npoo ntawm lub ntsuas. Nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm lub tshuab ntxhua khaub ncaws ultrasonic, nws muaj lub ces kaum tu ceev thiab qhov sib txawv, uas hloov cov tsoos phau ntawv txhuam. Tsis nyob hauv qhov chaw.
Thaum kawg, tsuas yog siv lub ntsuas kom qhuav thiab siv nws dua. (Txoj kev ntxuav no tuaj yeem zam kev sib cuag nrog cov kua tshuaj, uas yog txoj kev ntxuav kom zoo dua)
Tswv yim: Tsis txhob so lub khob iav nrog koj txhais tes, ntaub, los yog ntawv kom tsis txhob rov kis kab mob.
2 、 Xaiv cov tshuaj ntxuav kom zoo
Raws li qhov xwm txheej ib txwm muaj, cov khoom siv hluav taws xob muaj nyob rau hauv kev lag luam tuaj yeem siv los ntxuav cov iav ntsuas. Thaum lub phab ntsa sab hauv ntawm lub ntsuas yog muab nrog cov teeb meem insoluble thiab tsis tuaj yeem ntxuav nrog cov khoom siv hluavtaws, cov tshuaj ntxuav tes tsim nyog yuav tsum raug xaiv raws li qhov xwm txheej ntawm cov khoom txuas.
Yog tias cov khoom txuas nrog yog cov khoom alkaline, dilute hydrochloric acid los yog dilute sulfuric acid yuav siv los yaj cov khoom txuas thiab yaj;
Yog tias cov khoom txuas nrog yog cov tshuaj acidic, cov tshuaj sodium hydroxide tuaj yeem siv los ua kom cov khoom txuas nrog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv thiab yaj; Yog tias qhov teeb meem txuas nrog yog Yog tias nws tsis soluble hauv cov kua qaub lossis alkali, tab sis nws yog soluble hauv qee cov kuab tshuaj organic, siv hom organic hnyav li tshuaj ntxuav kom yaj cov khoom txuas.
Yog tias qhov teeb meem txuas yog Yog tias nws tsis soluble hauv cov kua qaub lossis alkali, tab sis nws yog soluble hauv qee cov kuab tshuaj organic, siv hom organic hnyav li tshuaj ntxuav tes kom yaj cov khoom txuas.
Muaj ob peb yam piv txwv tau muab: dawb deposits rau ntawm phab ntsa sab hauv ntawm lub thawv rau lub sij hawm ntev txiv qaub dej, siv dilute hydrochloric acid raws li ib tug detergent; iodine sublimation test, ntshav-dub iodine txuas rau hauv qab ntawm lub thawv uas muaj iodine, raus hauv cov tshuaj potassium iodide lossis cawv;
Muaj cov xim av tsaus nti rau ntawm lub thawv phab ntsa ntawm Jiusheng potassium permanganate daws. Concentrated hydrochloric acid tuaj yeem siv ua tshuaj ntxuav tes. Sab hauv phab ntsa ntawm lub ntsuas yog nruab nrog ib daim iav nyiaj thiab nitric acid yog siv los ua tshuaj ntxuav tes. Sab hauv phab ntsa ntawm lub khob iav yog stained nrog roj thiab dej qab zib kub tov. Ua kev ntxuav.
Hauv chav kuaj, tseem muaj cov tshuaj ntxuav tshwj xeeb uas tuaj yeem rov siv tau ntau zaus.
Rau kev tu tsis yooj yim nrog txhuam los ntxuav cov tais diav, cov tshuaj ntxuav hauv qab no tuaj yeem npaj rau kev tu tshuaj. Rau kev tsom xam ntawm qee cov kab hlau, cov hlab ntsha yuav tsum nyob ntawm qee qhov kev xav ntawm hydrochloric acid, nitric acid tov lossis suav nrog. Soak cov tshuaj nyob rau hauv qhov sib tov rau lub sij hawm tseem ceeb ntawm lub sij hawm, tshem tawm cov hlau ions adsorbed rau saum npoo, thiab ces yaug nrog dej distilled.
Polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, thiab PTFE cov hlab ntsha tuaj yeem raug ntxuav tib yam nkaus, tab sis kev saib xyuas yuav tsum tau them rau qhov tseeb tias cov khoom yas tau yooj yim deformed los ntawm tshav kub, yooj yim khawb los ntawm cov khoom tawv, thiab rhiab rau ntau cov organic solvents.
1. Chromic acid ntxuav kua: hnyav 92g ntawm dihydrate sodium dichromate yaj nyob rau hauv 460mL dej, ces txhaj 800mL ntawm sulfuric acid. Lwm cov mis yog txhaj 1L ntawm sulfuric acid rau hauv 35mL ntawm saturated sodium dichromate tov.
Thaum siv cov tshuaj pleev ib ce kom txog thaum nws tig ntsuab, nws poob nws lub peev xwm ntxuav. Thaum siv cov tshuaj ntxuav cov chromic acid, cov tais ntxuav tais diav yuav tsum muaj dej tsawg, nyiam dua qhuav, kom tsis txhob dilution ntawm cov kua ntxhua khaub ncaws thiab txo kev ua haujlwm. Dichromate kuj tseem siv tau. Potassium hloov sodium dichromate, tab sis yav tas los muaj qis solubility. Lub thawv ntxuav nrog chromic acid ntxuav cov tshuaj yuav tsum tau muab yaug kom huv si nrog dej huv kom tshem tau cov chromium ions.
2. Alkaline poov tshuaj permanganate ntxuav kua. Qhov hnyav 4.0g poov tshuaj permanganate, muab tso rau hauv 250mL beaker, hnyav 10.0g sodium hydroxide, muab tso rau hauv tib lub beaker, hnyav 100mL distilled dej, ntxiv rau ob peb zaug. Do tas li, kom cov poov tshuaj permanganate thiab sodium hydroxide yog tag nrho yaj.
Ua tib zoo xa cov khoom tawg mus rau hauv 200 mL xim av reagent lub raj mis, thiab rov ua haujlwm no kom txog thaum tag nrho cov poov tshuaj permanganate yaj. Yaug lub beaker dua nrog dej distilled thiab yaug. Ncuav cov tshuaj rau hauv lub raj mis reagent xim av kom txog thaum tsis muaj xim liab doog rau ntawm phab ntsa sab hauv ntawm lub beaker.
Thaum kawg, dilute rau 100mL nrog cov dej distilled seem, npog lub stopper, co zoo, lo daim ntawv lo, thiab spare. Nws yog qhov tsim nyog rau kev ntxuav cov iav oily, tab sis qhov seem ntawm manganese dioxide yuav tsum tau ntxuav nrog hydrochloric acid lossis hydrochloric acid ntxiv rau hydrogen peroxide.
3. Sodium hydroxide (potassium) ethanol tov: Ntxiv txog 1L ntawm 95% ethanol rau 120mL aqueous tov uas muaj 120g sodium hydroxide (potassium), uas dhau los ua cov tshuaj ntxuav tes uas muaj zog detergency thiab lub sij hawm ntev ntawm iav sib tsoo Nws yog yooj yim puas nyob rau hauv no. tshuaj pleev ib ce.
4. Sulfuric acid thiab fuming nitric acid sib tov: haum rau tshwj xeeb oily, qias neeg iav.
5. Trisodium phosphate tov: Dissolve 57 g ntawm trisodium phosphate thiab 28 g ntawm sodium oleate nyob rau hauv 470 mL dej. Txhawm rau tshem tawm cov pa roj carbon residue ntawm lub khob iav, lub nkoj tuaj yeem tsau rau hauv cov tshuaj rau ob peb feeb, thiab tom qab ntawd cov seem raug tshem tawm nrog txhuam. ~ 150g / L sodium hydroxide (potassium) tov kuj muaj cov nyhuv tib yam.
6. 10g / L EDTA 20g / L sodium hydroxide tov: Soak lub khob khob ntxuav nrog cov tshuaj no, tuaj yeem tshem tawm qee cov kab hlau ions adsorbed rau saum npoo ntawm lub thawv.
7. Hydrochloric acid tov: ib qho sib xyaw ntawm hydrochloric acid thiab ob feem ntawm ethanol los ntxuav cov tais diav uas muaj cov organic reagents.
8. Acid oxalic acid lotion. Qhov hnyav 10g ntawm oxalic acid lossis 1g ntawm hydroxylamine hydrochloride yaj hauv 20% ntawm 100mL hydrochloric acid daws. Rau inorganic kuab paug (xws li poov tshuaj permanganate, ferric hlau) kis nrog oxides thiab soluble nyob rau hauv dej, thiab lwm yam. Cov tais diav no siv tau rau cov tais diav.
3 、Master txoj kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub tshuab ntxhua khaub ncaws
Rau cov cuab yeej siv yooj yim nrog cov khoom yooj yim tshem tawm, xws li cov raj ntsuas, beakers, thiab lwm yam, siv lub raj txhuam txhuam los khaws cov khoom siv hluavtaws. Thaum tig los yog txav lub raj txhuam kom nce thiab nqis, siv lub zog tsim nyog kom tsis txhob muaj kev puas tsuaj rau lub ntsuas thiab khawb ntawm daim tawv nqaij.
Tom qab ntawd yaug nrog dej kais. Thaum lub ntsuas ntsuas yog inverted, lub phab ntsa ntawm cov cuab yeej tsim cov yeeb yaj kiab dej tsis sib xws, tsis muaj tee dej, thiab nws yuav raug ntxuav thaum nws tsis ntws.
Rau cov khoom siv iav uas tsis yooj yim rau tshem tawm cov ntawv txuas, tom qab siv cov tshuaj ntxuav kom tsim nyog kom yaj cov ntaub ntawv txuas, tshem tawm cov khoom seem, txhuam nrog lub raj xa dej, thiab thaum kawg yaug nrog dej kais.
Qee cov khoom siv iav nrog cov qauv zoo thiab qhov nyuaj tsis tuaj yeem txhuam nrog txhuam, xws li lub khob ntim ntim, lub pipette, thiab lwm yam, thiab tuaj yeem dipped nrog cov kua ntxhua khaub ncaws.
Rau qhov chaw tsawg, cov kua qaub burette raug coj los ua piv txwv. Kev ua haujlwm ntxhua khaub ncaws yog raws li hauv qab no: Thaum pib ntxuav, ua ntej xyuas seb puas muaj roj hmab disk ntawm lub piston yog fastened kom tsis txhob ntog thiab puas thaum ntxuav; ua tib zoo saib seb puas muaj qhov xau los yog thaiv, thiab yog tias muaj, kho nws.
Kaw lub piston, txhaj 2-3 ml ntawm cov kua ntxhua hauv lub burette, maj mam qaij lub burette mus rau theem, thiab maj mam tig lub burette, kom cov phab ntsa sab hauv yog tag nrho rau hauv cov kua ntxhua. Tsa lub burette, ces unscrew lub piston thiab tso cov kua ntxhua khaub ncaws. Tus neeg nyob hauv lub piston kuj tuaj yeem ntxuav.
Thaum kawg, nws tau yaug nrog dej kais dej thiab kuj tso tawm los ntawm qhov kawg ntawm lub piston. Nws tsis yog yuav tsum tau txuag lub sij hawm los ncuav kua los ntawm lub taub hau.
Cov qauv kev ntxuav yog raws li tau piav qhia saum toj no.
4 、 Sij hawm ntxuav cov cuab yeej iav
Kev ntxuav lub sij hawm ntawm lub iav ntsuas yog qhov tsim nyog rau kev xaiv cov tshuaj ntxuav kom zoo vim tias nws yooj yim los txiav txim qhov xwm txheej ntawm qhov seem ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd. Hauv qee qhov kev sim tshuaj, cov kua dej seem tom qab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tau nchuav rau hauv lub sijhawm, thiab tsis muaj qhov nyuaj-rau-tshem tawm cov nyiaj tso rau ntawm phab ntsa sab hauv ntawm lub ntsuas, tab sis nws tau tso tseg ib ntus.
Tom qab cov kuab tshuaj volatile khiav tawm, cov residue adheres rau lub puab phab ntsa ntawm lub twj paj nruag, ua rau kev ntxuav tsis yooj yim. Kuj tseem muaj qee yam tshuaj uas tuaj yeem cuam tshuam nrog lub ntsuas nws tus kheej, thiab yog tias tsis ntxuav hauv lub sijhawm, lub ntsuas yuav puas lossis txawm tias khawb.
5, lwm yam teeb meem xav tau kev saib xyuas
Tsis txhob blindly sib tov ntau yam reagents rau detergent siv, thiab tsis txhob siv tej reagents los ntxuav iav instruments. Qhov no tsis yog tsuas yog siv cov tshuaj khib nyiab xwb tab sis kuj ua rau muaj kev phom sij.
Raws li Suav Laboratory glassware chaw tsim tshuaj paus, WUBOLAB ua raws li koj qhov xav tau ntawm kev yuav khoom iav.
