lab Glassware siv thiab cov khoom
Glassware yog ib qho cuab yeej siv ntau tshaj plaws hauv chav kuaj, thiab tsis muaj cov khoom siv tuaj yeem kwv yees nws. Txawm li cas los xij, txhawm rau kom siv cov iav zoo dua, ntxiv rau cov kev txawj ua haujlwm yooj yim, nws tseem ceeb heev kom nkag siab txog cov khoom siv ntawm iav, uas yuav ua rau koj nkag siab tob dua ntawm cov iav.
General khoom ntawm iav
Cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb ntawm iav yog silica xuab zeb (SiO2), boric acid (H3BO3) lossis borax (Na2B4O7 10H2O), txiv qaub (CaO), iav shavings (cullet), phosphoric acid (P2O5), alkali (Ha2O, muab los ntawm NaNO3, Na2B4O7, thiab lwm yam) thiab lwm yam raw khoom uas muaj oxides xws li poov tshuaj, magnesium, zinc thiab txhuas.
Cov khoom iav muaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv zoo rau dej, ntsev tov, acids, bases thiab organic solvents, thiab nyob rau hauv qhov kev hwm no ntau tshaj cov khoom yas. Tsuas yog hydrofluoric acid thiab lub hauv paus muaj zog los yog muaj zog phosphoric acid ntawm qhov kub siab tshaj tawm tsam cov iav. Lwm qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm cov iav iav yog qhov ruaj khov ntawm cov duab (txawm tias nyob rau hauv qhov kub siab) thiab nws qhov siab ntawm pob tshab.
Cov khoom tshwj xeeb ntawm ib lub iav tshwj xeeb
Hauv cov ntawv thov kev sim, muaj ntau hom iav uas tuaj yeem xaiv tau.
Sodium-calcium iav
Sodium-calcium iav (xws li AR-Glas) muaj cov tshuaj zoo thiab lub cev. Haum rau lub sij hawm luv luv rau cov tshuaj reagents thiab txwv thermal shock daim ntaub ntawv.
Borosilicate iav (BORO3.3, BORO 5.4)
Borosilicate iav muaj tshuaj lom neeg thiab lub cev zoo heev. Raws li tau piav nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem thoob ntiaj teb DIN ISO 3585, thawj cov iav hydrolyzed muaj ib qho kev nthuav dav coefficient ntawm 3.3 thiab tsim nyog rau cov ntawv thov uas xav tau cov tshuaj zoo heev thiab thermal tsis kam (xws li thermal shock resistance) thiab siab mechanical stability. Nws yog ib yam iav rau cov cuab yeej tshuaj, xws li puag ncig hauv qab khob thiab beakers thiab metering khoom.
Kev siv cov khoom siv iav
Thaum siv iav, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tau xav txog kev tiv thaiv thermal shock thiab mechanical force. Kev ntsuas kev nyab xeeb nruj yuav tsum ua raws li:
Tsis txhob kub sib tov lub ntsuas cua kub, ntsuas lub tog raj kheej lossis lub raj mis reagent.
Thaum ua cov tshuaj tiv thaiv exothermic, xws li diluting sulfuric acid los yog dissolving sodium hydroxide, nco ntsoov txuas ntxiv stirring thiab txias cov reagents, thiab xaiv ib lub thawv tsim nyog, xws li ib tug conical flask, tsis txhob siv ib tug kawm tiav lub tog raj kheej los yog volumetric hwj.
Cov cuab yeej iav yuav tsum tsis txhob raug kub hnyiab tam sim ntawd. Thaum tshem cov iav ntsuas los ntawm qhov cub kub kom qhuav, tsis txhob muab tso rau ntawm qhov chaw txias lossis ntub dej tam sim ntawd.
Rau cov ntawv thov siab-cov kabmob, tsuas yog cov khoom siv iav tsim los siv rau lub hom phiaj no. Piv txwv li, lub raj mis lim thiab lub tshuab ziab khaub ncaws tsuas yog siv tau tom qab lub tshuab nqus tsev.
Tshuaj ua hauj
Cov tshuaj sib cuam tshuam ntawm dej los yog kua qaub nrog iav yog negligibly me me; tsuas yog tsawg heev, feem ntau monovalent cations, yog yaj los ntawm iav. Ib txheej nyias nyias, yuav luag tsis pub dawb ntawm silica gel yog tsim rau ntawm lub khob kom tiv thaiv kev yaig ntxiv. Qhov tshwj xeeb yog hydrofluoric acid thiab kub phosphoric acid vim tias ob cov kua qaub no inhibit tsim cov txheej txheem tiv thaiv.
Kev sib cuam tshuam tshuaj ntawm alkali thiab iav
Lub hauv paus yuav saib rau ntawm iav thiab yuav nce ntxiv nrog kev nce siab thiab kub. borosilicate iav 3.3 txwv qhov chaw mus rau theem ntawm μm. Tau kawg, raws li lub sijhawm sib cuag tau nce, qhov ntim hloov pauv thiab / lossis kev puas tsuaj loj tuaj yeem tshwm sim.
Hydrolysis tsis kam ntawm iav
Thawj theem hydrolyzed iav tuaj yeem ncav cuag thawj theem ntawm 5 hydrolysis tsis kam raws li DIN ISO 719 (98 ° C). Qhov no txhais tau hais tias lub khob uas muaj particle loj ntawm 300-500 μm raug rau dej ntawm 98 ° C rau 1 teev, thiab tsawg dua 31 μg Na 2 O / gram khob dej yog yaj. Tsis tas li ntawd, thawj cov iav hydrolysis tseem tau mus txog thawj theem ntawm peb theem hydrolysis ntawm DIN ISO 720 (121 ° C). Qhov no txhais tau hais tias raug dej ntawm 121 ° C rau 1 teev, tsawg dua 62 ug Na 2 O / gram ntawm iav yog hydrolyzed.
Tolerance rau acid
Thawj cov iav hydrolyzed ua tau raws li thawj theem ntawm plaub theem ntawm DIN 12 116 tus qauv kam rau ua. Thawj hydrolysis iav, tseem hu ua acid-resistant borosilicate iav, yog boiled nyob rau hauv 6N HCL rau 6 teev nrog ib tug nto flank tsawg tshaj li 0.7 mg / 100 cm 2; Ntau DIN ISO 1776 Na2O poob yog tsawg dua 100ug Na2O / 100cm2.
Resistance rau alkali
Thawj lub iav hydrolysis ua tau raws li qib thib ob ntawm peb qib alkali-resistant DIN ISO 695 tus qauv. Kev yaig tshwm sim los ntawm kev npau taws ntawm tib lub ntim ntawm sodium hydroxide (1 mol / L) thiab sodium carbonate (0.5 mol / L) rau 3 teev yog kwv yees li 134 mg / 100 cm2.
Neeg kho tshuab tsis kam
Kub Kub
Kev puas tsuaj thermal stresses yuav raug qhia thaum lub sij hawm tsim thiab ua cov iav. Thaum lub sij hawm txias ntawm cov iav molten, qhov kev hloov ntawm lub xeev yas mus rau lub xeev nyuaj tshwm sim ntawm qhov kub thiab txias annealing ntsiab lus. Nyob rau theem no, cov kev ntxhov siab thermal uas twb muaj lawm yuav tsum raug tshem tawm los ntawm kev ua tib zoo tswj cov txheej txheem rov qab los. Thaum qhov qis annealing point dhau lawm, lub iav tuaj yeem ua kom txias tsis muaj kev ntxhov siab tshiab.
Cov iav reheating cov tshuaj tiv thaiv zoo ib yam, piv txwv li, los ntawm cua sov ncaj qha nrog nws tus kheej nplaim taws, mus rau qhov chaw siab tshaj qhov kub hauv av, tsis muaj kev tswj kom txias los yog ua rau "txias rau hauv" cua sov, thiab txo qhov tsis kam ntawm iav kom tawg. Muaj peev xwm thiab mechanical stability. Txhawm rau tshem tawm cov kev ntxhov siab uas tshwm sim, lub khob yuav tsum tau muab tso rau hauv qhov kub thiab txias ntawm qhov kub thiab txias rau li 30 feeb thiab tom qab ntawd txias ntawm qhov ntsuas kub txo.
Kev tiv thaiv qhov kub thiab txias
Thaum lub iav yog rhuab mus rau qhov kub thiab txias hauv qab qhov kub tsis tshua muaj hluav taws kub, cov thermal conductivity tsis zoo thiab thermal conductivity tsis zoo tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev kub ntxhov. Yog hais tias, vim yog qhov tsis zoo cua sov lossis cua txias, lub khob tawg, dhau ntawm lub zog txhua yam uas tuaj yeem tiv taus. Ntxiv rau qhov coefficient ntawm kev nthuav dav, tus nqi sib txawv nrog rau hom iav, phab ntsa thickness, thiab cov duab ntawm iav. Txhua qhov khawb ntawm lub khob yuav tsum tau txiav txim siab. Yog li ntawd, nws yog ib qho nyuaj heev los qhia kom meej tus nqi tiv thaiv thermal shock. Tau kawg, cov coefficient ntawm thermal expansion yog tsim nyog muab piv rau qhov tseeb tias thawj-chav kawm hydrolyzed iav yog resistant rau kub hloov dua li AR-Glas iav.
Mechanical stress
Los ntawm ib qho kev pom, cov khoom elastic ntawm lub iav yog qhov zoo heev, uas yog hais tias, thaum lub siab ntev dhau lawm, qhov nro thiab siab tsis ua rau deformation, tab sis ua rau tawg. Qhov nro uas lub iav tuaj yeem tiv taus yog qhov me me thiab txo qis ntxiv vim tias muaj qhov khawb lossis qhov sib txawv hauv lub khob. Rau kev nyab xeeb vim li cas, thawj cov iav hydrolysis siv hauv kev tsim kho tshuab thiab kev lag luam tuaj yeem tiv taus qhov nro ntawm 6 N / MM2.
Yog tias koj xav tau cov ntaub ntawv lossis muaj lus nug, thov hu rau WUBOLAB, tus Laboratory glassware chaw tsim tshuaj paus.
