Laboratory safety protection knowledge

Laboratory safety protection knowledge

In the laboratory, corrosive, toxic, flammable, explosive and various types of reagents and easily broken glass instruments and various electrical equipment are often used. In order to ensure the personal safety of the inspectors and the normal operation of the laboratory, the inspectors should have safe operating knowledge and abide by the laboratory safety rules.

1 basic safety knowledge

• 1 It is strictly forbidden to eat or smoke in the laboratory. It is strictly forbidden to enter the reagents and replace the tableware with experimental instruments. All reagents and samples shall be labeled, and the container shall not contain substances that do not conform to the label.
• 2 When the grinding stopper of the reagent bottle is not firmly opened, the bottle can be smashed and smashed at the edge of the test bench to make it loose; or the hair bottle can be slightly heated by the electric hair dryer to expand; or it can be stuck in the gap Add a few drops of strong penetrating liquid (such as ethyl acetate, kerosene, penetrant OT, water, dilute hydrochloric acid). It is strictly forbidden to strike with heavy objects to prevent the bottle from rupturing.
• 3 flammable and explosive reagents should be kept away from fire sources and taken care of. When flammable reagents are heated, use a water bath or a sand bath, and take care to avoid open flames. High temperature objects (such as hot enamel) should be placed on the insulation and should not be placed at will.
• 4 When inserting or pulling out the glass rod, glass tube and thermometer into the rubber plug or hose, it should be padded with cloth, and it should not be forced to insert or pull out. When cutting glass rods, glass tubes, and assembling or disassembling food devices, it is necessary to prevent the glass rods and glass tubes from being damaged suddenly and causing stab wounds.
• 5 When using electrical equipment, be sure to prevent electric shock. Do not use wet hands or wet objects to contact the electric switch and electrical switch. After the experiment is finished, the power should be cut off in time.
• 6 The installation, commissioning, use and maintenance of various testing instruments should be carried out in strict accordance with the instructions for use of the instrument. Analytical balances, spectrophotometers, acidity meters and other precision instruments should be placed in the room of shockproof, dustproof, moisture proof, anti-corrosion, sun protection and small changes in ambient temperature to ensure the normal use of the instrument, the power supply voltage should be consistent; The operating procedures should be strictly observed. When the instrument is used up, turn off the power and return each knob to the initial position.
• 7 The laboratory should keep clean, tidy, waste paper, broken glass pieces, matchsticks and other wastes into the garbage bin; waste acid, waste alkali and other waste liquid should be poured into the waste liquid tank; the reagents spilled on the test bench should be Clean up at any time; use a wet cleaning tool or a vacuum cleaner when cleaning the laboratory floor; wash your hands carefully after the experiment is finished, and carefully check that the water, electricity, doors and windows are closed when leaving the laboratory.
• 8 In the event of an accident in the laboratory, the inspectors should deal with it promptly, and do not panic. When a precision instrument is on fire, use a fire extinguisher to extinguish the fire. When oils and flammable liquids catch fire, they can be extinguished with sand and wet clothes. When metal and fuming H2SO4 catch fire, it is best to use yellow sand to extinguish the fire. The fire caused by the circuit should be cut off first and then extinguished. In the event of a major fire accident, you should promptly report to the police and take measures to prevent the fire from spreading to reduce losses.
• 9 When the inspector burns, cover the wound with cotton soaked with ф=95% alcohol, or apply it to the wound with egg oil (the fat extracted from the egg with organic solvent), and apply the medicine for external treatment. In the case of strong acid splashes, wash with water first, then wash the wound with w=5% NaHCO3 solution. Those who are seriously injured must be sent to the hospital for treatment.
• 10 Inspectors who have symptoms such as dizziness, vomiting, and nausea due to inhalation of toxic gases should first leave the scene and rest in a place where air is circulated. Those who are seriously ill should be sent to the hospital for treatment.

2 Use and storage of concentrated acid and concentrated alkali

Concentrated acid and concentrated alkali are very corrosive and easily cause different degrees of damage to the human body. If splashed on the skin, it will cause corrosion and burns. Inhalation of concentrated acid vapor will strongly stimulate the respiratory tract.

Therefore, you should pay attention to the following points when using:

• 1 When using concentrated acid, do not use the nose to smell it or point the bottle to the person’s face.
• 2 During use, it is necessary to prevent liquid from splashing on the skin to avoid burns.
• 3 Wear rubber gloves and safety glasses when using the warehouse. If the bottle is large, you must hold the bottom of the bottle with one hand and hold the bottleneck in one hand.
• 4 When using a pipette to draw liquid, it must be operated with a rubber ball.
• 5 Do not bake in an oven.
• 6 Dilute H2SO4 should be carried out in a heat-resistant container, and only H2SO4 should be slowly poured into the water along the wall. Do not pour water into H2SO4 and stir with a glass rod. When the temperature is too high, it should be cooled and cooled before continuing to join. When preparing a concentrated solution of NaOH or KOH, it must also be carried out in a heat-resistant container. If you need to neutralize concentrated acid or concentrated alkali, you must first dilute.
• 7 When crushing or grinding NaOH, be careful to prevent small pieces or other dangerous material fragments from splashing, so as not to burn the eyes, face or other parts of the body.
• 8 When using concentrated H2SO4 as a heating bath, the operation must be careful, the eyes should leave a certain distance, the flame should not exceed the asbestos core of the asbestos net, and the mixing should be uniform. In the concentrated H2SO4 medium, the test reaction should be carried out. When adding concentrated H2SO4, it should be stirred with a glass rod. Do not use stirring instead of stirring to avoid splashing.
• 9 Do not pour concentrated acid and concentrated alkali waste into the water tank to prevent blockage or erosion of the sewer.
• 10 When the concentrated acid flows to the operation table, it should be neutralized immediately with an appropriate amount of NaHCO3 solution until no bubbles are generated (such as concentrated alkali flowing to the table, you can immediately add an appropriate amount of dilute acetic acid), then rinse with water. desktop.

Conservation of concentrated acid and concentrated alkali

• 1 Concentrated acid and concentrated alkali should be stored in a cool, ventilated, away from the source of fire, and placed in isolation from other drugs. The rack should be made of corrosion-resistant materials (acid-resistant cement or acid-resistant ceramics) and should not be too high to ensure safe access.
• 2 Immediately after use, the reagent bottle should be sealed and placed in the original place to protect from light.
• 3 laboratory safety electricity knowledge
• Rules for the use of electrical equipment
• 1 Electrical equipment should be managed by a special person, and it should be inspected regularly. Before use, check whether the switches, lines and other components are safe and reliable. Wear insulated gloves, stand on insulation mats, and follow the rules of use of the equipment.
• 2 Wire insulation should be reliable, and the line installation should be reasonable. Qualified line fuses should be selected according to the load. Copper, aluminum and other metal wires should not be used instead to avoid burning equipment or fire accidents.
• 3 When the power is cut off, disconnect all the electrical equipment. After the power is restored, turn on the power according to the operating procedures to avoid damage to the equipment.
• 4 When using new electrical equipment, you should first understand the equipment performance, usage and precautions. For long-term electrical equipment, check whether the performance is good before use. If there is leakage, stop using it immediately and carry out maintenance; if other abnormal phenomena occur, it must stop immediately, notify the professional to carry out maintenance and then put it into use. Disassembly and repair.
• 5 Equipment and wires should be kept dry and clean, and should not be cleaned with a damp cloth or iron handle brush.

Electric shock and first aid

The main causes of electric shock are: lack of knowledge of safe electricity use, unfamiliar with the performance and use of electrical equipment and blind operation; violation of electrical equipment maintenance procedures; electrical equipment insulation performance is not good, the human body touches the leakage part and electric shock; long-term disrepair Electrical equipment was not repaired in time, barely used. Light shocks can cause muscle spasms, which can cause shock, breathing, and heartbeat.

In the event of an electric shock. First aid should be taken as follows:

• 1 First cut off the power quickly and then rescue. When the electric shock is not disconnected from the power supply, the rescuer should wear rubber gloves, wear rubber sole shoes or dry the wooden board, and use insulating equipment, such as dry wooden sticks, dry clothes, etc., so that the electric shock can be disconnected from the power supply as soon as possible, but care should be taken to avoid injury to the electric shock. .
• 2 Place the electric shock on the ground and check the breathing and heartbeat immediately. If the breathing stops, artificial respiration should be performed immediately; when the heartbeat stops, artificial respiration and chest compressions are performed at the same time, and promptly sent to the hospital for rescue. Be careful to prevent infection from skin that has been burnt.